THE HISTORY OF THE INTERNET

Hellllooooooo readers :)

Today we gonna share with you about the history of internet. Do you know the origin of internet? How do its look like? What is the device use to represent the internet? Okay, because it is about the history, im gonna write the facts straightforward. 
But first, naaaaahhh...we show you the telegraph picture   :D 

The earlier history of the internet was represented by the telegraph, invented in 1840s. Signals sent over wires that were established over vast distances. It is use extensively by the U.S. Government during the American Civil War, 1861-1865. They use Morse Code coding type, consists of dots and dashes or short signals and long signals.

WHAT IS THE INTERNET?

• A network of networks.    
• Act as a single huge network for transport of data and messages across distances which can be anywhere.
• Uses TCP/IP protocols and packet switching.
• Runs on any communications substrate.

THE CREATION OF THE INTERNET SOLVED THE FOLLOWING CHALLENGES

• Basically inventing digital networking
• Survivability of an infrastructure to send / receive high-speed electronic messages
• Reliability of computer messaging

THE UNIVERSAL RESOURCE LOCATOR (URL)

Each page of information on the web has a unique address called the URL.

PROTOCOLS THAT MAY APPEAR IN URL’S

Protocols Name	Use
ftp://	File transfer
http://	Hypertext
https://	Hypertext Secure
Mailto:	Sending email
News:	Requesting news
telnet://	Remote login

THE INTERNETWORKING PROBLEMS

Heterogeneity:

How to interconnect a large number of disparate networks?

How to support a wide variety of applications?

Scaling:

How to support a large number of end-nodes and applications in this interconnected network?

THE SOLUTIONS

1.      Internet-layer gateways and global addresses

2.      Simple, application-independent, lowest denominator network service

3.      Stateless gateways could easily route around failures

4.      With application-specific knowledge out of gateways:

·         NSPs no longer had monopoly on new services

·         Internet: a platform for rapid, competitive innovation

Network-layer Overlay Model

Define a new protocol (IP) and map all applications/networks to IP.
Require only one mapping when a new protocol/application is added.
Global address space can be created for universal addressability and scaling.

TCP/IP

Original TCP/IP (Cerf & Kahn)	Today’s TCP/IP
No separation between transport (TCP) and network (IP) layers.	Separate transport (TCP) and network (IP) layer.
One common header: use ports to multiples multiple TCP connections on the same host.	Split the common header in: TCP and UDP headers.
Byte-based sequence number.	Fragmentation reassembly done by IP.
Flow control, but not congestion control.	Congestion control

ADDRESSING

IP address = network ID + host ID
Splitting address into multiple parts is called hierarchical addressing.

Network

Host

                                                           Boundary

CONVERTING A 32-bit INTERNET ADDRESS TO DOTTED DECIMAL FORMAT

An Internet address, known as an IP address for “Internet Protocol” is comprised of four binary octets, making it a 32-bit address.

IP addresses, difficult for humans to read in binary format, are often converted to “dotted decimal format”

To convert the 32-bit binary address to dotted decimal format, divide the address into four 8-bit octets and then convert each octet to a decimal number.

Each octet will have one of 256 values (0 through 255)

Example of an IP address on dotted decimal form:     192.48.29.253

THE INTERNET NETWORK LAYER

Routing Protocols	IP protocol	ICMP Protocol
Path selection	Addressing conventions	Error reporting
RIP, OSPF, BGP	Datagram format	Router “signaling”
	Packet handling conventions

THE DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM

The Domain Name System translates between domain names

and IP addresses of devices connected to the Internet

·         A domain name (a part of the URL) is a unique alphanumeric name such as gmu.edu

·         The top level domain name is edu and the secondary level domain name is gmu

Examples of top level domains:

Generic top level domains	Country codes (2 character codes)
.com .biz .info .edu .mil .net	.jp .sw .us

DNS

Translation Between Domain Names and IP Addresses
IP Addresses	Domain Names
Every device connected has a unique 32-bit address	Every device connected has an alphanumeric address
Machine readable Eg: 151.196.19.22	Human readable Eg: cnn.com

To know more details and deeply about the history, we provide you those links  ^.^

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet

http://www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/history-internet/brief-history-internet

HISTORY IS SOOOOO GREAT!

HAVE A VERY NICE DAY U READERS 

^.^

XML

Hello readers :)

Today, we gonna share with you about XML. Do you what it is and how its functions? Let us discuss further.

Extensive Markup Language or XML is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in aformat that is both human-readable and machine-readable. XML was designed to describe the data and focus on what data it is and tags are not predefined.

Here is the differences between HTML vs. XML

Criteria	XML	HTML
Definition	Markup language defines asset of rules for encoding documents that can be read by both humans and machines.	Markup language for displaying web pages in a web browser.
Purposes	Designed to transport and store data with focus on what data is it.	Designed to display data with focus on how the data looks.
Tags	No predefined tags. XML allows the author to define his/her own tags and his/her own document structure.	Predefined. HTML documents can only use tags defined in the HTML standard.

For more exercise, you can try this coding below or you can click this link  :)

TUTORIAL

Good luck !!

Protein Data Bank

Happy Thursday everybody!!

In this session, we have learn about Protein Data Bank or PDB . This is another new interesting topic for us to be explored. Are you ready guys?

Protein Data Bank or PDB is a repository for the three-dimensional (3D) structural data of large biological molecules such as proteins and nucleic acid. All the data in the PDB are available to the public.

The first step to used this PDB is you need to install this software in your computer. You may click this link below to download PDB :)

DOWNLOAD MY PDB

In order to find the protein structures in web, we need to open this website.

 http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/home/home.do

1) Search for the protein that you want to study, for example, Neuraminidase.

2) Scroll down to find the specific structure of protein that you want and click on its name.

3) Then, download the file by choosing PDB File (text).

4) Open the file that has been download to view the image.

Then you can try the others type of proteins. 

 

Bil	Type of Proteins
1	ClpP
2	HtrA
3	Trypsin
4	Subtylisin

We have provide you the image of proteins that we have done. You may click on the links given to view the summary of selected proteins.

1) ClpP- 2ZLO Summary of ClpP

 2) HtrA- 3MH5 Summary of HtrA

3) Trypsin- 1TIE Summary of Trypsin

4) Subtylisin- 2X8J Summary of Subtylisin

Enjoy your day :)

ChemSketch

Assalamualaikum and happy holiday readers!!! Yeahh, weekend comes again :)

This week, we want to share with you about Chem Sketch. do you know what is chem sketch? 

ACD/ChemSketch is a drawing package software that allows us to draw chemical structures including organic, organometallics, polymers and Markush structures. It also includes features such as calculation of molecular properties (e.g; molecular weight, density, molar refractivity and etc) and naming the structures. In our previous semester, Doctor Anwar had told us to install and use this software to draw the chemical molecules we never use it. Why?? Because we never know how this software is function. Such a weird software for us!

Now, let's us try this software by drawing the structure of propane (CH₃CH₂CH₃).  

1) Before we started to use it, we must install it first in our laptop. 

You may click this link below to direct download

MY CHEMSKETCH DOWNLOAD

2) When the software is successfully download and install in your computer, click on the Chemsketch icon to open it. You will see a blank page.

3) The Draw Normal tool is the default tool when the program is started. We must ensure that the Draw Normal is enabled on the Structure tool bar. Next, the Carbon (C) atom is selected on the Atoms tool bar.

4) Click in an empty space to draw CH₄

5) Click CH₄  to add a -CH₃  group, creating CH₃-CH₃ with a standard  bond length.

6) If you want to draw double and triple bonds, click the selected bond to make double and click twice to place a triple bond. 

Here are the other examples that you can try by using the the chemsketch.

Name	Molecular formula
Hexane	CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Butene	CH2CHCH2CH3
Pentanol/td>	CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH
Benzene	C6H6
Methanoic acid	CH2O2

Before we stop, we give you this tutorial as your guidelines to explore the ChemSketch software.

The Tutorial

Hope you are enjoy it, bye. 

HTML Lessons :)

Assalamualaikum and have a nice weekend all readers? How is your days passed along this week? Is it terrible, tired or very leisure?

Stop condemning and let’s continue to our main topic. This week during computer in science class, we have learnt something new and very interesting topic. And very annoying too! We cannot deny it for the first time. Madam Linda had taught us about HTML. Do you know what is HTML? Have you heard about this term before?

HTML or Hyper Text Markup Language is the main markup language for creating web pages and other information that can be displayed in a web browser. HTML documents contain HTML tags and plain text. HTML is written in the form oh HTML elements that consisting of tags enclosed in angle bracket such as <html>, within the web page content.

Before we start learning about HTML, we need to;

1) Open up a plain text editor to write our HTML language like notepad or etc.

2) Once the notepad icon is open, you will see such a blank page that you need to need to write the text. 

3) Then you can start typing your html codes on it. For the new starters, we will teach you to make a simple code first. Let us try!

Coding: (intro)

<html>

<body>

<h1> My First Heading </h1>

<p> My First Paragraph </p>

</body>

</html> 

4) Lastly, you need to save the notepad in two version; intro txt and intro.html. You need to choose your web browser such as Mozilla Firefox or Google Chrome in order to test your html.

Does it make your adrenaline running fast? Are you interested to learn more? for your information, HTML codes can be used to form table, list of things, inserting moving or non-moving images, or get through a link. Here are some examples that,  you can try by yourself.

1) Coding: (formed a table)

<html>

<body>

<html>

<body>

<h4>With cell padding:</h4>

<table border="1"

cellpadding="10">

<tr>

<td>Name</td>

<td>Address</td>

  <td>Hobby</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Noor Hafiza binti Yahya</td>

<td>Tanjung Lumpur, Pahang</td>

  <td>Reading novels</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Noor Fatinie binti Mohd Zohan</td>

<td>Bachok, Kelantan</td>

  <td>Cooking</td>

</tr>

</table>

</body>

</html>

Name	Address	Hobby
Noor Hafiza binti Yahya	Tanjung Lumpur, Pahang	Reading novels
Noor Fatinie binti Mohd Zohan	Bachok, Kelantan	Cooking

2) Coding: (get trough a link)

<html>

<body>

<p>

<a href="https://www.facebook.com/">See also my facebook.</a>

</p>

</html>

See also my twitter.

 

So, how you think about this lesson? You can try many more examples in the internet. Hope all of you understand and enjoy this post. Till we meet again in the next post. Bye!  

Concept in Physics

Hello everyone. 

Do you know about physics? have any idea??

Physics is a branch of science that concerned with the nature and properties of matter and energy. the subject matter of physics distinguished from that of chemistry and biology. The basic knowledge of Physics we must know about the SI unit, standard prefixes and also the conversion unit. SI unit or the International System of Units is the modern form of the metric system and is the world's most widely used system of measurement. The basic SI units are as follows;

Quantities	SI Unit
Length	Meter (m)
Mass	Kilogram (kg)
Time	Second (s)
Electric Current	Ampere (A)
Temperature	Kelvin (K)

The standard prefixes are used to form decimal multiples and sub multiples of SI units as in the table below;

The study of conversion units are applied when the units given are not consistent, thus we need to convert to appropriate ones. Units can be treated like algebraic quantities that can cancel each other out.
For example;

Next, we learn about the Newton's Law :)
In this topic we must master about forces and mass. Force is an action that can change motion. Force can be used to increase the speed of an object, decreased the speed of an object or change the direction in which an object is moving.

Newton's First Law

Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it.

Newton's Second Law

The relationship between an object's mass m, its acceleration a, and the applied force F is F = ma. Acceleration and force are vectors (as indicated by their symbols being displayed in slant bold font); in this law the direction of the force vector is the same as the direction of the acceleration vector.

Newton's Third Law

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.